DJ How Clearing Demands Helped Ground the WallStreetBets Stocks
By Telis Demos
When some online brokers including Robinhood Markets Inc. and Webull Financial LLC moved this week to restrict trading in GameStop Corp., AMC Entertainment Holdings Inc. and other stocks, fueled by Reddit's WallStreetBets forum, they did so in part because of obligations with clearinghouses that help ensure trading across the market isn't disrupted by defaults. Here's how it works.
What is a clearinghouse?
Consider the basics of trading: Buyers and sellers must agree on a price. The buyer then must pay the seller, and ownership must be formally transferred.
Enter clearinghouses. The clearinghouse collects and distributes payments and transfers ownership. So traders are free to focus just on price, and to take the best price in the market regardless of who is offering it. Neither side has to worry about the other's ability to pay.
For stocks in the U.S., the main clearinghouse is National Securities Clearing Corp., which is part of a larger clearing organization that operates in other markets, called Depository Trust & Clearing Corp.
How do they work?
Clearinghouses serve to mutualize risk. Members keep cash or collateral such as Treasury securities at the clearinghouse to cover their own activities and the obligations of other members should they fail. The clearinghouse might ask the members to post more of this money, often known as margin, if they are making riskier trades. The aim is to ensure that no individual member's failure causes the whole system to collapse.
How does the financial crisis figure in this?
In response to the 2008 collapse of broker-dealer Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc., lawmakers writing the Dodd-Frank Act sought to beef up supervision of clearinghouses and to push more trading into clearinghouses. The focus was primarily on so-called over-the-counter derivatives, like credit-default swaps, that didn't have a central marketplace. The reforms also affected some longstanding clearinghouses, including National Securities Clearing Corp., by designating them as systemically important financial market utilities, which subjected them to greater regulatory scrutiny.
Why would a clearinghouse have to increase requirements?
As noted earlier, margin requirements often rise with risk. A sharp rise in the price of any security raises the prospect that it will decline just as fast, potentially adding to the risk of those trading and holding as collateral these securities.
A challenge in the stock market is that settlement is not instant. The system allows two days after the day a trade happens until the shares and money must change hands, known as "T+2" settlement. Over those two days, the risk that a party might be unable to complete a trade can, in rare circumstances, change dramatically based on market conditions.
One such circumstance might be when the price of a security is extraordinarily volatile. In that case, the seller is exposed to increased risk that in the event of a failure of a buyer to pay up, the security they would be stuck still owning is worth dramatically less. The extraordinary volatility of a stock like GameStop would increase such a concern.
Another is the risk that a party suddenly owes an outsize amount of cash. In a normal market, any clearing member likely has a mostly balanced book of buys and sells, meaning they are both paying and receiving cash. And often many of their own customers' trades cancel each other, meaning they have no net obligation to the clearinghouse. But when a firm has a huge imbalance of buy orders, its obligation to pay cash skyrockets. This may have been the case this week, when there was much demand for just one or two stocks.
So who decides it's time to increase margin requirements?
How a clearinghouse judges these risks, and therefore when it makes demands for more upfront funds, is typically formulaic. Margins can be based on equations such as value-at-risk. Exactly how the formula works, and who is responsible for losses in what order, are important elements. In the case of National Securities Clearing Corp., losses would be covered by the defaulting member's funds before the clearinghouse's own funds or other members' funds would be used.
A broker like Robinhood would also have to make decisions about its own capital, and how much it was willing or able to tie up in settlement. A broker may face separate obligations for capital levels, like with the SEC. Other brokers also clear via another intermediary -- like Apex Clearing, through which WeBull clears -- that is a member. These intermediaries may have their own risk controls they apply to their clients.
Write to Telis Demos at telis.demos@wsj.com
(END) Dow Jones Newswires
January 29, 2021 19:33 ET (00:33 GMT)
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DJ清算需求如何幫助WallStreetBets股票接地
Telis演示
本週,包括Robinhood Markets Inc.和Webull Financial LLC在內的一些在線經紀商在Reddit的WallStreetBets論壇的推動下,採取行動限制GameStop Corp.、AMC Entertainment Holdings Inc.和其他股票的交易,部分原因是它們對票據交換所負有義務,以確保整個市場的交易不會因違約而中斷。它的工作原理是這樣的。
什麼是票據交換所?
考慮一下交易的基本原則:買賣雙方必須就價格達成一致。然後買方必須向賣方付款,所有權必須正式轉讓。
進入票據交換所。票據交換所收集和分配付款,並轉讓所有權。因此,交易員可以自由地只關注價格,並在市場上獲得最好的價格,而不管是誰在出價。雙方都不必擔心對方的支付能力。
對於美國的股票,主要的清算機構是美國國家證券清算公司(National Securities Clearing Corp.),它是一個在其他市場運營的更大的清算機構Depository Trust&Clearing Corp.的一部分。
它們是怎麼工作的?
票據交換所起到了共擔風險的作用。會員在票據交換所保留現金或美國國債等抵押品,以支付自己的活動和其他會員在倒閉時的義務。如果會員進行風險更高的交易,票據交換所可能會要求會員貼出更多這筆錢,通常被稱為保證金。其目的是確保不會有個別成員的失敗導致整個系統崩潰。
金融危機是如何影響到這一點的呢?
為了應對2008年經紀自營商雷曼兄弟控股公司(Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc.)的倒閉,起草多德-弗蘭克法案(Dodd-Frank Act)的議員們尋求加強對票據交換所的監管,並推動更多交易進入票據交換所。重點主要放在所謂的場外衍生品上,比如信用違約互換(CDS),這些衍生品沒有一箇中央市場。這些改革還影響了包括國家證券清算公司(National Securities Clearing Corp.)在內的一些歷史悠久的票據交換所,將它們指定為具有系統重要性的金融市場公用事業公司,這使它們受到了更嚴格的監管審查。
為甚麼結算所要提高要求呢?
如前所述,保證金要求往往會隨着風險而上升。任何證券價格的大幅上漲都會增加其下跌速度同樣快的可能性,這可能會增加那些交易和持有這些證券作為抵押品的人的風險。
股市面臨的一個挑戰是,結算不是立竿見影的。該系統允許交易發生後兩天,直到股票和貨幣必須易手,即所謂的“T+2”結算。在這兩天裏,一方可能無法完成交易的風險,在極少數情況下,可能會根據市場狀況發生戲劇性的變化。
一種這樣的情況可能是當證券價格異常波動時。在這種情況下,賣家面臨的風險增加,如果買家無法付款,他們仍然持有的證券價值將大幅縮水。像GameStop這樣的股票的異常波動會加劇這種擔憂。
另一個風險是一方突然欠下一大筆現金的風險。在一個正常的市場中,任何清算會員都可能擁有一個基本平衡的買賣賬簿,這意味着他們既在支付,也在接受現金。而且,他們自己的許多客户的交易往往相互抵消,這意味着他們對票據交換所沒有淨義務。但當一家公司的買入訂單嚴重失衡時,它支付現金的義務就會飆升。本週可能就是這種情況,當時只有一兩隻股票的需求很大。
那麼,是誰決定是時候提高保證金要求了呢?
票據交換所如何判斷這些風險,從而何時要求更多預付資金,通常是公式化的。利潤率可以基於風險價值(Value-at-Risk)等公式。這個公式到底是如何運作的,以及誰應該按什麼順序對損失負責,這些都是重要的因素。在國家證券清算公司(National Securities Clearing Corp.)的案例中,損失將由違約會員的資金彌補,然後票據交換所的自有資金或其他會員的資金才會被使用。
像羅賓漢這樣的經紀商還必須決定自己的資本,以及它願意或能夠在和解中捆綁多少資金。經紀商可能面臨單獨的資本水平義務,就像與SEC一樣。其他經紀商還通過另一箇中介機構(如WeBull通過其清算的Apex Clearing)進行清算,那就是會員。這些中介機構可能有自己的風險控制,適用於他們的客户。
寫信給Telis Demos:telis.demos@wsj.com
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