DJ Cleveland-Cliffs Should Sell Parts of AK Steel. That Would Get Investors Excited. -- Barrons.com
By Al Root
Cleveland-Cliffs is making a transformation deal, proposing to buy AK Steel. It is vertical integration in an old industry with iron ore -- a steelmaking raw material -- buying a finished-steel producer. It is a bold proposal.
Investors, however, aren't sure it is a good idea. Since the deal was announced early this month, Cliffs stock is up 9 cents, or about 1%, trailing the 2.4% gain of the S&P 500 over the same span. But if Cliffs can pull off another deal after buying AK (ticker: AKS), Wall Street might fall in love with Cliffs CEO Lourenco Goncalves, as well as Cliffs stock. It would involve selling some of AK's assets.
Steel is a technologically advanced industry. That may sound surprising, given the struggles steel stocks have had from time to time. But the industry is always adopting new chemistries to improve steel properties and adopting new technologies to drive down costs.
The largest U.S. steel producer, Nucor (NUE), was built, essentially, on the back of a new technology: the electric arc furnace, or EAF. Those furnaces, which mainly remelt scrap metal, have been around for a century, but Nucor took the technology mainstream. Nucor, short for Nuclear Corporation of America, wasn't a steel company to start. But under CEO Ken Iverson, it started up its first EAF -- also called a minimill because of its size relative to other steel making processes -- in 1969.
The EAF has come to dominate the U.S. steelmaking landscape. The American Iron and Steel Institute reports that two-thirds of steel making capacity the U.S. is now EAF-based.
(Don't forget, Steel Dynamics (STLD), another large, EAF-based steel producer was founded by former Nucor employees.)
Andrew Carnegie just might approve. After all, the man associated with the birth of the modern steel industry and founder of United States Steel (X) adopted new steelmaking technologies back in his day, at the end of the 19th century -- technologies such as newer blast furnaces, which make pig iron, and open-hearth furnaces.
EAF growth has been fueled by a curious fact about America. The U.S. is the Saudi Arabia of scrap metal. It is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of scrap steel in the world, according to the United States Geological Survey, or USGS.
The U.S. dominates scrap steel similar to how Saudi Arabian Oil Co. (2222. Saudi Arabia) -- more commonly called Aramco -- dominates in oil. Aramco, which just sold shares to the public and achieved a market value of more than $2 trillion, has more than 50 years of oil reported in its reserves, based on current production rates.
That doesn't mean there is an Aramco of scrap metal coming soon. Scrap metal isn't as valuable -- or as widely used -- as crude oil. Scrap steel can be had for roughly 10 cents a pound, cheaper than nice dirt. Gasoline is worth, again roughly, about 50 cents a pound. The U.S. consumes about 1 billion tons of oil annually and about 100 million tons of scrap metal.
The main supply of scrap is from used cars. That is a big reason the U.S. is big in scrap. America has a lot of vehicles on the road, more than 260 million.
All that scrap gave Nucor a big advantage. When the company was growing rapidly in the latter half of the 20th century, scrap was plentiful and cheap, trading at a discount to other metallics -- such as pig iron made from iron ore and coke, a processed form of coal.
As EAF production grew, the excess scrap was used up, raising the price of scrap metal relative to products such as pig iron. That dynamic is creating a new opportunity: "merchant" pig iron. Merchant is industry jargon meaning third party sales. EAF production is still growing, Even U.S. Steel is adopting EAF technology. As minimill production grows, more merchant pig iron will be demanded by steel producers.
What's more, pig iron is a purer form of metal, without impurities such as copper that can come with some grades of scrap steel, and enables EAFs to produce higher-quality steel products without higher cost.
This is the opportunity Cleveland-Cliffs CEO Goncalves sees by acquiring AK Steel and restarting its blast furnace.
Cliffs (CLF) has always been a steel supplier and its business has been a relatively stable, if not high growth, iron-ore business. U.S. blast furnace based steel production is down from all time highs, but U.S. iron ore produced around the Great Lakes is insulated, to some extent, from seaborne ore markets. It is difficult to ship foreign ore down the St. Lawrence rivers and into the Lakes.
Investors may be nervous about steel production, but Cliffs will remain a supplier, selling ore and pig iron.
To allay investor concerns, Concalves could sell the downstream steelmaking operations of AK to, say, U.S. Steel. That would mean consolidation in the finishing end of the steel industry -- the rolling operations that produce finished steel products. That could boost margins for U.S. Steel by giving the company greater market share.
Such an idea was floated earlier this year by longtime steel analyst, formerly of Goldman Sachs and Macquarie, Aldo Mazzaferro, when analyzing U.S. Steel's situation. He theorized U.S. Steel could stop making steel. But instead of an end to the company, he saw the merchant pig iron opportunity and his analysis recognized the best returns for U.S. Steel might be in the early stages of steel production. U.S. Steel also has company-owned iron ore ranges around the Great Lakes.
Asked whether U.S. Steel could take on AK's downstream assets, a Wall Street steel analyst said that "U.S. Steel would have to raise more capital." That could be problematic. U.S. Steel's balance sheet is stretched. But another company such as AreclorMittal (MT) taking an interest in AK could accomplish the same goal. "Pig iron demand is growing with EAF capacity ramping. I think [merchant pig is] the best use of North American pellet excess supply."
A U.S. Steel representative said: "We continuously evaluate opportunities to grow our market share in strategic end markets and generate value for our employees, customers and stockholders." Cleveland Cliffs didn't return a request for comment.
It isn't clear a deal like this could pass antitrust muster. But the steel industry is relatively small -- and volatile -- and better industry structure for the domestic steel business could be a compelling reason to let it happen.
Wall Street seemed to recognize the potential of the AK-Cliffs tie-up. Mostly, however, analysts including J .P. Morgan's Michael Gambardella upgraded embattled AK Steel to the equivalent of Hold. If Cliffs can pull off another transformational deal, this time selling some assets, the Street will warm up to the steel sector again.
Write to Al Root at allen.root@dowjones.com
(END) Dow Jones Newswires
December 19, 2019 15:00 ET (20:00 GMT)
Copyright (c) 2019 Dow Jones & Company, Inc.
克利夫兰-克利夫兰-悬崖应该出售部分AK钢。这将使投资者感到兴奋。-Barrons.com
铝根
克利夫兰--克利夫兰-克利夫斯正在进行一项转型交易,计划收购AK钢铁。这是一个与铁矿石--炼钢原料--购买成品钢铁生产商--的老工业的纵向一体化。这是一个大胆的建议。
然而,投资者并不确定这是个好主意。自从本月初宣布交易以来,克里夫的股价上涨了9美分,涨幅约为1%,落后于标准普尔500指数同期2.4%的涨幅。但如果克利夫斯在收购AK(股票代码:AK)后能达成另一笔交易,华尔街可能会爱上克利夫的首席执行官卢伦科·贡卡尔夫(LourencoGoncalves)以及克利夫的股票。这将涉及出售AK的部分资产。
钢铁是一个技术先进的行业。考虑到钢铁股不时遭遇的困境,这听起来可能令人惊讶。但这个行业总是采用新的化学产品来改善钢材性能,并采用新技术来降低成本。
美国最大的钢铁生产商纽柯(NUE)基本上是建立在一项新技术的基础上的:电弧炉,或电弧炉(EAF)。这些熔炉,主要是重熔废金属,已经存在了一个世纪,但纽柯成为技术的主流。纽柯,美国核工业公司的简称,并不是一家刚起步的钢铁公司。但在首席执行官肯·艾弗森(KenIverson)的领导下,该公司于1969年启动了首个EAF--也因为其规模相对于其他炼钢工艺而被称为极小规模。
EAF已经在美国炼钢领域占据主导地位。美国钢铁协会报告说,美国三分之二的炼钢能力现在是以电弧炉为基地的。
(别忘了,另一家大型EAF钢铁生产商-钢铁动力公司(SteelDynamicsSTLD)是由纽柯前员工创办的。)
安德鲁卡内基可能会同意。毕竟,这位与现代钢铁工业的诞生有关的人,也是美国钢铁(X)的创始人,早在19世纪末就采用了新的炼钢技术--比如制造生铁的新高炉和平炉。
EAF的增长受到了一个有关美国的奇怪事实的推动。美国是废金属的沙特阿拉伯。根据美国地质调查局(USGS)的数据,它是世界上最大的废钢生产国、消费国和出口国。
美国在废钢方面的地位与沙特阿拉伯石油公司相似(2222)。沙特阿拉伯)--更常被称为阿美石油公司--在石油领域占据主导地位。阿美石油公司刚刚向公众出售股票,市值超过2万亿美元。根据目前的石油产量,该公司拥有50多年的石油储备。
这并不意味着很快就会有一批废金属上市。废金属没有原油那么有价值--或者被广泛使用。废钢的价格大约是每磅10美分,比漂亮的泥土还便宜。汽油的价值,再一次,大概是每磅50美分。美国每年消耗约10亿吨石油和大约1亿吨废金属。
废料的主要供应来源于二手车。这是美国大废品的一个重要原因。美国有很多车辆在路上,超过2.6亿辆。
所有这些废料都给了纽柯很大的优势。当该公司在20世纪后半叶迅速发展的时候,废料既充足又便宜,比其他金属的价格便宜--比如用铁矿石和焦炭制成的生铁,这是一种经过加工的煤。
随着电弧炉产量的增长,多余的废钢消耗殆尽,相对于生铁等产品而言,废钢的价格也随之上涨。这种动态正在创造一个新的机遇:“商人”生铁。商人是行业术语,意思是第三方销售。电弧炉的生产仍在增长,甚至美国的钢铁也在采用电弧炉技术。随着最小产量的增长,钢铁生产商将需要更多的生铁。
更重要的是,生铁是一种更纯净的金属,不含铜等杂质,这些杂质可以与某些级别的废钢一起使用,使电炉能够在不增加成本的情况下生产出更高质量的钢铁产品。
这是克利夫兰-克利夫兰-克利夫斯的首席执行官贡卡尔维斯看到的机会,通过收购AK钢铁和重新启动其高炉。
克利夫斯(CLF)一直是钢铁供应商,其业务一直是相对稳定的,如果不是高增长的话,铁矿石业务。美国高炉炼钢产量从历史最高水平下降,但美国五大湖地区生产的铁矿石在一定程度上与海运铁矿石市场隔绝。很难将外国矿石运下圣劳伦斯河,进入湖泊。
投资者可能对钢铁生产感到紧张,但克利夫斯仍将是一个供应商,出售铁矿石和生铁。
为了缓解投资者的担忧,Concalves可以将AK的下游炼钢业务出售给美国钢铁公司。这将意味着钢铁行业的最后阶段--生产成品的轧制业务--的整合。这可能会让美国钢铁公司获得更大的市场份额,从而提升其利润率。
今年早些时候,这一想法是由高盛(GoldmanSachs)和麦格理(AldoMazzaferro)的长期钢铁分析师在分析美国钢铁的情况时提出的。他认为美国钢铁可以停止炼钢。但他看到的不是公司的终结,而是商人生铁的机会,他的分析认为,美国钢铁的最佳回报可能处于钢铁生产的早期阶段。美国钢铁公司在五大湖周围也有公司拥有的铁矿石范围。
当被问及美国钢铁是否能承担AK的下游资产时,一位华尔街钢铁分析师表示,“美国钢铁将不得不筹集更多资本.”这可能会有问题。美国钢铁公司的资产负债表已经捉襟见肘。但AreclorMittal(MT)等另一家对AK感兴趣的公司也能实现同样的目标。“随着电弧炉产能的增加,生铁需求也在增长。我认为[商人猪]北美球团供应过剩的最佳利用。“
美国钢铁公司的一位代表说:“我们不断评估在战略性终端市场上扩大市场份额的机会,并为我们的员工、客户和股东创造价值。”克利夫兰克里夫没有回复置评请求。
目前还不清楚像这样的交易是否能通过反垄断。但钢铁行业规模相对较小,而且不稳定,而国内钢铁行业的更好的产业结构可能是让这种情况发生的一个令人信服的理由。
华尔街似乎意识到了AK与悬崖之间的联系的潜力。不过,多数分析师,包括摩根大通(J.P.Morgan)的迈克尔·甘巴德拉(MichaelGambardella)在内的分析师,都将陷入困境的AK钢铁升级至如果克利夫斯能够达成另一笔转型交易,这一次出售部分资产,华尔街将再次回暖钢铁行业。
致函Al root,电话:allen.root@dowjones.com
(完)道琼斯通讯社
2019年12月19日15:00(格林尼治时间20:00)
版权所有(C)2019年DowJones&Company,Inc.