Participants

Bruce Thomas; Vice President, Investor Relations; Encore Capital Group Inc

Ashish Masih; President, Chief Executive Officer, Director; Encore Capital Group Inc

Jonathan Clark; Chief Financial Officer, Executive Vice President, Treasurer; Encore Capital Group Inc

John Rowan; Analyst; Janney Montgomery Scott

Mark Hughes; Analyst; Truist Securities

Mike Grondahl; Analyst; Northland Securities

Robert Dodd; Analyst; Raymond James

Presentation

Operator

Good day folks, and thank you for standing by. Welcome to the Encore Capital Group's first-quarter 2024 earnings conference call. (Operator Instructions)
Please be advised that today's conference call is being recorded.
I would now like to hand the conference over to your first speaker today, Bruce Thomas, VP of Investor Relations. Bruce, please go ahead.

Bruce Thomas

Thank you, operator. Good afternoon, and welcome to Encore Capital Group's first-quarter 2024 earnings call. Joining me on the call today are Ashish Masih, our President and Chief Executive Officer; Jonathan Clark, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer; and Ryan Bell, President of Midland Credit Management. As usual, John will make prepared remarks today and then we will be happy to take your questions.
Unless otherwise noted, comparisons on this conference call will be made between the first quarter of 2024 and the first quarter of 2023. In addition, today's discussion will include forward-looking statements that are based on current expectations and assumptions and are subject to risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from our expectations. Please refer to our SEC filings for a detailed discussion of potential risks and uncertainties. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements.
During this call, we will use rounding and abbreviations for the sake of brevity. We will also be discussing non-GAAP financial measures. Reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures are included in our investor presentation, which is available on the Investors section of our website.
As a reminder, following the conclusion of this call, a replay of this conference call, along with our prepared remarks, will also be made available in the Investors section of our website.
With that let me turn the call over to Ashish Masih, our President and Chief Executive Officer.

Ashish Masih

Thanks, Bruce, and good afternoon, everyone. Thank you for joining us. I'll begin today's call with key highlights from the first quarter. Encore's solid first-quarter performance was driven by strong portfolio purchasing in the US and double-digit collections growth on a global basis. Continued growth in US portfolio supply driven by both credit card lending growth and charge-off rate at a 10-year high has led to very attractive pricing and returns. As a result, we continue to allocate the vast majority of our capital to the US market, deploying the record $237 million in the US in the first quarter.
In Europe, the portfolio purchasing market remains very competitive. Although we continue to see some examples of improved pricing, we believe European portfolio pricing still does not consistently reflect the higher cost of capital caused by higher interest rates.
As a result, we continue to be very selective, which has led to reduced Cabot portfolio purchases. Overall, our performance in the first quarter was well aligned with expectations as portfolio purchasing, collections, and cash generation are all off to a strong start in 2024.
I believe it's helpful to remind investors of the critical role we play in the consumer credit ecosystem by assisting in the resolution of unpaid debts. These unpaid debts are an expected and necessary outcome of the lending business model.
Although the levels may vary depending on the stage of the macroeconomic cycle, regardless of where we are in the macroeconomic cycle, our mission is to create pathways to economic freedom for the consumers we serve by helping them resolve their past due debts. We achieved this by engaging consumers in honest, empathetic, and respectful conversations.
Our business is to purchase portfolios of nonperforming loans at attractive returns while minimizing funding costs. For each portfolio that we own, we strive to exceed our collection expectations while maintaining an efficient cost structure, as well as ensuring the highest level of compliance and consumer focus.
We achieved these objectives through a three-pillar strategy. This strategy enables us to deliver strong financial performance while positioning us well to capitalize on portfolio purchasing opportunities. We believe this is instrumental for building long-term shareholder value.
The first pillar of our strategy, market focus, concentrate our efforts on the markets where we can achieve the highest risk-adjusted returns. Let's now take a look at our two largest markets beginning with the US. US revolving credit has been steadily rising since early 2021. Each month for the last two years, the US Federal Reserve has reported a new record level of outstandings. And at the same time, since bottoming out in late 2021, the credit card charge-off rate in the US has also been steadily rising and it is now at a 10-year high.
Similarly, US consumer credit card delinquencies, a leading indicator of future charge-offs, also continued to rise, with both lending and the charge-off rate growing simultaneously. Purchasing conditions in the US market remain highly favorable, with continued strong growth in US market supply and attractive pricing.
The most recent delinquency data supports our expectation that 2024 will be another year of record portfolio sales by US banks and credit card issuers. With this environment in the US as a backdrop, Q1 was another strong quarter of portfolio purchasing for our MCM business. We deployed a record $237 million in the US at strong returns. The result of our disciplined purchasing approach amid an attractive pricing environment.
MCM collections in the first quarter were $269 million, up 12% compared to the first quarter of 2023. In addition throughout the quarter, consumer payment behavior remained stable. After expanding MCMs internal collections capacity last year through the addition of approximately 500 account managers, we believe we are appropriately staffed to accommodate our higher recent purchase volumes. We expect the benefits from expanding operations headcount will increase over time as these newer account managers get experienced and drive increased efficiencies and scale in our MCM collections operation.
In contrast to the US, supply in the UK has been growing much more slowly. Credit card outstandings are still not yet back to pre-pandemic levels as banks in the UK, unlike does in the US, have not meaningfully increased lending since the pandemic.
In addition, UK charge-offs remain at low levels. Cabot's collections in Q1 were $141 million, up 6% compared to the first quarter a year ago. Given the current state of the UK economy, we believe ongoing weakness in consumer confidence is marginally impacting one-time settlements while existing payment plan performance remained stable. We continue to be selective with Cabot's portfolio purchases, which were $59 million in the first quarter.
We have maintained our purchasing discipline in the face of portfolio pricing in Europe that we believe still does not yet consistently reflect higher funding costs. We expect to continue to deploy at current low levels until the returns in Cabot's markets become more attractive. We are currently choosing to allocate significantly more capital to the US market, which has higher returns consistent with our well-established strategic focus. We also continue to prudently manage the Cabot cost structure given the reduced level of portfolio purchases in recent quarters.
I would now like to highlight Encore's first-quarter performance in terms of several key metrics, starting with portfolio purchasing. Encore's global portfolio purchases increased 7% in Q1 to $296 million, with record US deployments in our largest business MCM. This increased portfolio purchasing will help drive Encore's collections growth over the next few years.
The fact that 80% of our global deployment in the first quarter was in the US is a reminder of the flexibility that our global funding structure provides to us. This structure enables us to allocate capital toward our highest return opportunities as market supply remains elevated in the US and the pricing environment remains attractive, MCM's ERC, as well as our global total ERC continues to grow. The significant amount of ERC we are adding reflects the efficiency of our global capital deployment and is reflected in a higher purchase price multiples. This current highly favorable purchasing environment in the US is allowing MCM to purchase portfolios at strong returns, which adds future cash flows and profitably to the business.
Global collections in the first quarter were $511 million and were up 10% compared to Q1 a year ago. The past seven quarters of higher portfolio purchases, particularly in the US has led to meaningful growth in collections.
I'd now like to hand the call over to Jon for a more detailed look and our financial results.

Jonathan Clark

Thank you, Ashish. The first quarter was another period of strong purchasing for our US business at attractive returns while our collections grew in each of our key markets. Collections were in line with expectations for the quarter, and we had small adjustments to our ERC, which impacted earnings in a negative way.
I'd like to highlight a few items and provide more detail. Q1 collections of $511 million was approximately $1 million above forecast. Small adjustments to our ERC resulted in negative changes in expected future recoveries totaling $13 million, which reduced Q1 EPS by $0.46.
ERC at the end of the quarter was $8.3 billion, up 7% compared to a year ago. Operating expenses remain well controlled and were up only 1% compared to Q1 last year as we begin to realize operating leverage and scale benefits of collections growth in our business, as well as the cost efficiencies that accompany a higher proportion of digital collections.
GAAP net income of $23 million and GAAP EPS of $0.95 in the first quarter were up 25% and 27%, respectively, compared to the first quarter of 2023. We believe that our ability to generate significant cash provides us with an important competitive advantage, which is also a key component of our three-pillar strategy.
Similar to the dynamic Ashish mentioned earlier, higher portfolio purchases at strong returns over the past several quarters have also led to meaningful growth in cash generation, a trend we expect will continue. Our cash generation in Q1 was up 14% compared to Q1 of 2023.
The third pillar of our strategy ensures that the strength of our balance sheet is a constant priority. Our unified global funding structure provides us with a financial flexibility, diversified sources of financing, and extended maturities. It also underpins one of the best balance sheets in our industry with comparatively attractive leverage.
Importantly, even though we continue to purchase at higher levels, our leverage declined slightly during the quarter, given our strong cash generation. As we have discussed, this cash generation is driven by both the increased volume of purchases over the last several quarters and the higher returns associated with those purchases. Our leverage ratio of 2.8 times at the end of the first quarter remains within our target range and is down from 2.9 times at the end of 2023.
With elevated interest rates and evolving conditions in the bond markets, I'd like to emphasize the importance of our global funding structure. We believe our balance sheet provides us very competitive funding costs when compared to our peers. Our funding structure also provides us financial flexibility and diversified funding sources to compete effectively in this growing supply environment.
In the first quarter, you may recall that we issued $500 million of 2029 senior secured notes as a first-time issuer in the US. This offering expanded our options for future financing, establishing our access to the broad and deep US high-yield bond market. While we initially used the proceeds to pay down our revolver, we plan to eventually use the proceeds to redeem our 2026 drilling senior secured notes at par in November 2024.
I'd like to provide some additional context for this transaction. It is the case that the coupon associated with the new bond is higher than the sterling bond it will replace. Importantly, we've been building this kind of higher coupon into our bidding strategy since rates started to rise over a year ago. This is precisely why we have been emphasizing that pricing in the UK and Europe has not consistently adjusted to the currently higher cost of funding. In the US, however, market pricing has indeed adjusted to this higher cost of funding.
I would also like to point out that our weighted average cost of debt on a pro forma basis after issuing the bonds and paying down the 2026 sterling notes is slightly below 6.5%. We also estimate this issuance and other recent movements will result in approximately $10 million to $15 million of additional interest expense through the end of 2024.
Remember, if the current interest rate environment persists, then just as our cost of debt may increase over time, so will the positive impact of our investments in portfolios with higher returns.
With that, I'd like to turn it back over to Ashish.

Ashish Masih

Before I close, I'd like to remind everyone of our commitment to a consistent set of financial priorities that we established long ago. The importance of a strong diversified balance sheet in our industry cannot be overstated, especially in the midst of the highly anticipated growth in US market supply. We will continue to be good stewards of your capital by always taking the long view and prioritizing portfolio purchases at attractive returns in order to build long-term shareholder value.
I'd now like to describe how we are differentiated from others in our industry, especially during a time when a number of our competitors are dealing with their own challenges. First, we are the largest player in the attractive US debt purchasing market. Second, we believe our ability to collect on the portfolios we buy and the corresponding purchase price multiples lead to collecting more over vintages lifetime, which in turn, generates more cash, more earnings, and ultimately higher returns.
Third, our well-diversified global balance sheet allows us to allocate capital to opportunities with the highest returns. This flexibility is vital as demonstrated by allocation of the vast majority of our capital to our MCM business in the US in order to maximize overall returns.
Our balance sheet also provides us the flexibility to fund our business in a myriad of ways. This provides a significant advantage in times when traditional markets become less certain and more expensive. And finally, our $8 billion-plus of ERC represents our enormous capacity to generate cash.
In closing, I'd like to quickly summarize our first-quarter performance. Portfolio supply in the US market, where we are currently focusing our capital continues to grow to record levels. Against this favorable backdrop, we deployed a record $237 million in the US in Q1 at strong returns. In the UK and Europe, we are maintaining our discipline being very selective in our purchases and constraining our capital deployment until returns become more attractive.
Our overall performance in Q1 was well aligned with expectations and 2024 is off to a strong start. Driven by our strong first-quarter performance and the disciplined execution of our strategy, we remain on track to deliver on our 2024 guidance provided in February. This guidance calls for portfolio purchasing this year to exceed our 2023 total and for our collections to grow approximately 8% to over $2 billion.
Now we'd be happy to answer any questions that you may have. Operator, please open up the lines for questions.

Question and Answer Session

Operator

Thank you very much. At this time, we will conduct a question-and-answer session. (Operator Instructions)
John Rowan, Janney Montgomery Scott.

Ashish Masih

John?

Jonathan Clark

Hey, John, we can't hear you.

John Rowan

Sorry, my phone was on mute. Can you hear me now?

Ashish Masih

Yes.

John Rowan

Okay. So, I guess, Jon, just to unpack kind of the commentary around interest expense, you said 6.5% is kind of the current weighted average cost. You said $10 million to $15 million of additional interest expense by the end of the year, if I wrote that down correctly.
I guess, I'm just trying to understand, is that a run rate per quarter? Or maybe if you could just give us what the weighted average cost of your interest will be once you do refinance those notes in November?

Jonathan Clark

No, that's a good question. To make it clear, that's what the 6.5% is, right? And it is assuming that we refi the bonds. So it's not that we pay down the bonds. So this is the full round trip, if you will, right? It's not just raising money and paying down a revolver. It is then taking the money, the capacity from the revolver and paying down the sterling bonds. That's --

John Rowan

Correct.

Jonathan Clark

-- the 6.5%.

John Rowan

Okay. But how much would that raise your -- I guess, raise your cost of funds in general? I think, what is it $10 million to $15 million? Is that just for the fourth quarter? I'm just trying to make sure I get the guidance correct?

Jonathan Clark

Yes, yes, $10 million to $15 million for the balance of the year.

John Rowan

But that's only -- if you're doing that in November, so that's only for November and December then?

Jonathan Clark

No, this this is assuming everything happens in November, and assuming it all plays out as we just talked about. From a modeling perspective, we can assume $10 million to 15 million between now and the end of the year.

John Rowan

Okay. So over time -- so that would be in addition to kind of the 1Q run rate of $56 million?

Jonathan Clark

That would be in addition to the $235 million that we gave as guidance, soft guidance kind of prior, right? We think we told people what we thought would be a quarter ago.

John Rowan

Okay, so $235 million plus $10 million to $15 million would get you to like to $245 million to $250 million for the year of interest expense?

Jonathan Clark

Correct.

John Rowan

Okay. All right. Perfect. And just while I have you, can you remind us what the $2.7 million of other income was?

Jonathan Clark

Usually in the -- what is contained in other income is derivative impacts and things like interest income, which we -- we do have a few pockets around the world where we have funds where they earn interest.
It's not what we normally do with funds. But when you have interest income such as that, that's where they fall. So interest income, if you look at the three months ended March 31, '24 versus year end or prior year, the difference there would just be some increase in interest income and some increase in gains and derivatives.

John Rowan

Okay. And then just last question for me, obviously you had $13 million of negative forecast revisions of $1 million of cash over collections. Can you remind me if there has been a quarter where you've overcollected but impaired forecast revisions? I guess I'm trying to get to any sort of -- I don't want to say guidance, but an understanding of -- if we're close to the cycle where you're done kind of revising forecast down, obviously if you're overcollecting your forecasts, It seems kind of antithetical to also reduce forecasts as well. I realized one is longer dated than the other. But I'm just trying to understand that relationship, if any, between those two.

Jonathan Clark

Yes, it was a very good question, and I'll try to keep this very high level because we can get the weeds very quickly. They are separate and distinct things. One is obviously a current cash impact and the other one is a change in expectations. But they -- as you alluded to, they are also interrelated.
So as an example, you may have a significant overcollections in the current period, but then have a negative revision to your forecast, which is solely means you decided that overcollections was a pull forward, not a betterment on your curves. So they are interrelated.
And you have to remember a lot of moving parts underneath. Not all portfolios are moving in the same way in both how we collect it or expectations, and this is just the summation of how they landed. Does that make sense to you?

John Rowan

Okay. The pull-forward makes sense. I appreciate it. That's it for me. Thank you.

Operator

(Operator Instructions)
Mark Hughes, Truist Securities.

Mark Hughes

Yes, thank you. Good afternoon.

Ashish Masih

Hi, Mark.

Jonathan Clark

Hi, Mark.

Mark Hughes

Jonathan, I'm going to ask that same question. You gave the $235 million soft guidance, an extra $10 million to $15 million. If you're doing that transaction in November, is there going to be incremental interest expense prior to that or is that --

Jonathan Clark

Remember, Mark, it's short term. What we're doing is we're paying down a revolver at X rate and have created new funding at Y rate, so there's that delta as well, right?

Mark Hughes

And when does that transaction take place? If you could --

Jonathan Clark

Well, no, the first step --

Mark Hughes

If you look at the $10 million to $15 million.

Jonathan Clark

I'm referring to the first step, which has already taken place, right? So we already have the US dollar bond and then we pay down revolver. But revolver attracts a lower rate than the bond, right? So if you're searching for what's the incremental drag, if you will, that's where it comes from. Does it make sense?

Mark Hughes

Right. And that would be spread out evenly between now and year end?

Jonathan Clark

Now until November, correct.

Mark Hughes

Okay. And then there's a more substantial impact post-November?

Jonathan Clark

Well, no. If you think about it, all we're doing, we have this negative carry if you will because of the transaction we did. And then we're unwinding that, if you will, right?
So our revolver will go up and we'll still have -- and our older, lower cost bond, if you will, will go away. The sterling bond will go away. So I wouldn't get hung up on. There's just some puts and takes, but the rest of the transaction will happen in November.

Mark Hughes

Thank you for that. Did you, on the call, mention the collections multiple on the 2024 paper? I assume it's in the queue. I haven't taken the opportunity to look at it.
But how did that multiple come in relative to the 2023? I don't know, maybe for US or the UK -- and the UK.

Ashish Masih

We did not provide that multiple, but it's 2.4. This is Ashish, Mark. So it's 2.4 for US in 2024. And yes, so overall, just to step back, supply is still very strong. Pricing remains very favorable, the way it's been recently. So we continue to feel very good about how pricing is going and how multiples are going.
Just remember, multiple is one element of a return, the shape of the curve cost to collect. At times, we have portfolios we buy that are lower multiple and much lower cost to collect. So that mix effect also plays out on a quarter-to-quarter basis, just to keep that in mind. But overall, supply and return picture looks very similar and very favorable and we booked a very good multiple for US this quarter.

Mark Hughes

And then on the expense front, expenses were very attractive this quarter. I think the -- was the efficiency ratio was 54%, looking at it properly.

Ashish Masih

52%, 52%, I believe.

Mark Hughes

52% on a trailing 12-month basis?

Ashish Masih

Yes. But please go ahead, I'll then answer your question Mark.

Mark Hughes

Yes. Yes. So on a trailing basis, it was 52% and this quarter was stronger than that. Is this quarter a better guide for go forward? I know there's some seasonality to collections and expenses, but --

Ashish Masih

So that's a good question, Mark. So in terms of efficiency ratio, just general costs, as you correctly noticed, collections rose and expenses are pretty much flat, just up 1%. So there is a seasonality in Q1. There's more rise in collections, but we have been purchasing very strongly over the quarters, over two years.
And as those collections rise, now we do expect a couple of things. Just as Jon said in his comments, natural efficiencies and scale effect will take -- help. So efficiency ratio will improve as a result. So we expect to see that operating leverage.
The other one is in MCM in particular. We have been growing the share of call center and digital collections and resolving consumer accounts earlier or through call center and digital as opposed to legal. So this quarter, legal share as a total for MCM is 35%, which has been -- that's a record low for many years when you compare back. So a couple of different things going on, but we expect to see continued operating leverage as we grow collections.
We are fully staffed up in the MCM operation. As we said, we hired 500 account managers last year. And we feel we have adequate capacity for the growth in purchasing that we've been doing.

Mark Hughes

Yes. So nothing per se unusual in this quarter. No timing shifts or anything like that. A good result. Because you get, what, 10%, growth on collections, 1% growth on expenses is quite strong. And so thinking on a go-forward basis --

Ashish Masih

Nothing unusual. I mean, from a comparison to a year-ago basis, we had some one-time charges in Cabot for restructuring a year ago, but those are still small. I mean the big trend, as you correctly noticed.
Collections grew 10%; expenses only 1%. As a result, cash generation was up meaningfully about 14%. If you compare Q over Q. So I'll just be seeing what we have been anticipating as to 2024 to be the turning point. And Q1 is proving to be exactly that. We've been purchasing well and we expect to grow collections through the year and we continue to expect to purchase well. And all of that effect will show in collections and cash generation.

Mark Hughes

Thank you.

Ashish Masih

You're welcome.

Operator

(Operator Instructions)
Mike Grondahl, Northland Securities.

Mike Grondahl

Hey, thanks, guys. I did get on a little late. Did you say anything about Q2 purchases so far or kind of the pipeline or backlog?

Mark Hughes

Mike, this is Ashish. We did not and we have provided that last quarter as a way to be helpful kind of how the quarter or year was starting.
We did not, but we expect. We reiterated our guidance for the year, for the full year. We expect our purchasing in '24 to be higher than our 2023 purchasing.

Mike Grondahl

Got it. And I guess you guys use the term, soft guidance, a couple of times on this call. Could you just maybe remind us just so I make sure I'm hearing all of it, like what is or what was the soft guidance for 2024? And then is this interest expense situation the only change to it?

Ashish Masih

And so yes, let me take a stab at it, Mike, and then I'll let Jon chime in as well. So I would call it very not soft. And real guidance is what we provided last quarter in February on purchasing and collections.
On purchasing, we said it will be higher than 2023 level. And in Q1, we're off to a good start. We are up 7%. Collections, we said we expect to grow year-over-year collections 8%. And we are off to a good start in Q1 with 10% growth. So those are the two key guidance elements that we provided.
In addition, we provided some helpful what Jon have alluded to as soft guidance, including on tax rates and interest expense. And interest expense is the only one we kind of provided some revised estimate of $10 million to $15 million higher expenses compared to the $235 million number we gave back in February because of the bond refinancing.

Mike Grondahl

Got it. Got it. And then the $13 million negative collection, kind of the change in expectations, was that related to some of the recent books? I know you've talked about some post-COVID '21, '22 books where maybe initial payments were a bit smaller. Or was it related to older books? Could you just -- talk a little bit about what made up the $13 million? What, years, maybe?

Ashish Masih

Yes. So a couple of things. First is, I mean, $13 million is very small. We would say, in some ways, noise -- a small noise on our ERC of $8 billion, and it's a result of forecasting all the quarterly vintages, reviewing them, and what goes on every quarter.
Now that said, and you alluded to the recent vintages of MCM or US. vintages. So back in Q4 and last year, we had been underperforming the '21 and '22 vintages in US because we had kind of forecasted them at the peak of pandemic collections.
So those we had adjusted back in Q4 and they are performing fine now. So '21 vintage was actually over performed by a couple hundred thousand, and '22 vintage underperformed. Maybe there was a change in recoveries for that $2.7 million or so.
And the rest of it comes from all the other vintages in US and Europe. When you add them up, I mean, overall, if you look at our Q, the $13 million changes our $12 million expected recoveries, about $4.5 million is US and $8 million-ish-or-so is Europe, I think.

Mike Grondahl

Okay.

Ashish Masih

So it comes from different sources. Nothing major in particular. And those '21 and '22 vintages are performing fine. And it's just noise, given the large size of those vintages at this point.

Mike Grondahl

Okay. Thanks a lot.

Operator

Mark Hughes, Truist Securities.

Mark Hughes

Yes. Thank you. Jonathan, did you give the performance relative to expectations for the MCM and the UK or Cabot? I think, in times' past, you've given us the kind of percentage numbers. Last quarter, it was kind of high 90s?

Ashish Masih

Yes. I'll jump in, Mark. So we did write it in the slide presentation. We didn't talk about it. So overall, it's 99%, 100% for MCM and 96% for Cabot. And on constant currency basis, that 96% is actually 98% for Cabot.

Mark Hughes

And with the constant currency, the total would be 100%, perhaps, or 99%, still 99%?

Jonathan Clark

Still rounds to 99%.

Ashish Masih

Yes, I mean, it's all very close to each other.

Mark Hughes

Okay. All right. Thank you for that.

Jonathan Clark

Thanks, Mark.

Operator

Robert Dodd, Raymond James.

Robert Dodd

Hi, everyone. On the legal front, I mean, as you pointed out, Ashish, in the remarks, I mean, the legal collections were quite low because you've been focusing on call centers, digital, lower cost to collect.
At the same time, the legal expenses in the quarter were high that we haven't seen in several years, right? So are you increasing the legal investment now to try and bring up the mix? Is that $35 million where you want it to be, or is it a little lower? Because maybe the legal has been lower than you want it to be, the legal expense has been lower than you want it to be in future. Any color on that.
Just in the context, as you say, you're fully staffed in call centers, et cetera. So that expense line looks like it's very -- can be very under control. But what about the legal line? Should we expect some upside there to try and drive more through that channel or thoughts there?

Ashish Masih

So, Robert, I would say -- so we are working to reduce our kind of use of legal, so resolving consumers in call center and digital. What basically is happening is we've been buying more and more, and there's a delay when accounts get selected after the initial talk off and giving enough time to consumers who have the ability perhaps to pay, unwilling to engage. So the volume of those legal placements will rise over time just because we've been buying more.
And again, remember, legal expenses come from two sources. One is the court costs, which is the volume; and then it's legal fees that we pay to collection law firms. And about two-third roughly is external and one-third internal. So that's the dynamic also plays up. But it's going to pressure on the higher side because we're increasing placements, not trying to get anything, not trying to use legal more than necessary or than in the past.
And again, the other element is currency effects for Cabot's legal expenses, also kind of worked against us in this. So made the legal look a little bit higher from that point of view. So just a bunch of different factors there. But as we mentioned in our Q as well, the increase was related to volume and which is going to continue, I would say, given we've been buying at higher levels.

Robert Dodd

Got it. Got it. Thank you. And then just on the US volume, I mean, obviously there can be lags, et cetera, but to the point in the slides in the presentation, I mean, there has been tremendous growth. And you did hit a really high number in the US.
Your guidance for growth overall, I mean, is there anything you can tell us about where you expect the US to be this year? I mean, do you think you can break $1 billion? Or any color on how much of that growth? Or how much of the overall growth is going to come from growth in the US given the returns are better right now?

Ashish Masih

I assume you mean about purchasing. So we are allocating -- yes, and of course, I figured. We are allocating, as we said, majority. And by majority I mean not 50%, 51%, but 80% of our capital to US right now. And I think that doesn't change unless market dynamics change in Europe suddenly and it can from a spot market point of view.
A lot of our purchasing in US is heavily flow. And UK, it's heavily flow as well; Europe is less flow based. So we have a good line of sight to kind of how those flows are going. Now those flows can increase, decrease, but we do expect US to be the predominant place where we deploy our capital.
And in terms of guidance or expectation for the year, I would stand by what we said back in February, which is we expect to exceed the 2023 number, which was just north of $1 billion of deployment, $1.37 billion or something like that, I think. So $1.74 billion, sorry. So yes, it's majority going to be US.

Operator

Thank you. At this time, I'm showing no, no further questions. I would now like to turn the call back over to Mr. Masih for closing remarks.

Ashish Masih

As we close the call, I'd like to reiterate a few important points. We believe Encore is truly differentiated in our sector with a solid track record of operating results and superior capabilities. As the consumer credit cycle continues to turn, the US market is seeing the world's strongest supply growth.
With 2024 off to a strong start, we continue to apply a disciplined portfolio purchasing approach by allocating record amounts of capital to the US market which has the highest returns. When combined with our effective collection operation, we believe this approach will enable 2024 to be a turning point in our operational and financial results.
Thanks for taking the time to join us, and we look forward to leading our second-quarter results in August.

Operator

Thank you for your participation in today's conference. This does conclude the program, and you may now disconnect.