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Standard option contracts and market structure
Equity options are standardised contracts, with each option typically representing 100 shares of the underlying stock. When you buy or sell a single option contract, you are taking on rights or obligations related to those 100 shares at a predetermined strike price. This standardisation is a cornerstone of the options market, supporting liquidity, transparent pricing, ...

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Hello Mooers,
U.S. stock had a turbulent week (Feb 2–6, 2026), finishing with a powerful Friday rebound. The Dow hit fresh records and briefly cleared 50,000, while the S&P 500 and Nasdaq rallied sharply into the close—yet the week still showed rotation: Dow outperformed as parts of mega-cap tech stayed under pressure after several down sessions.
Macro...

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In the previous post, we discussed using long puts for deep hedging. But as mentioned, the scenarios that truly call for long-put hedges are typically panic-driven sell-offs—they don’t happen that often. Statistically, over the past ten years, they’ve occurred about once per year on average, and in some years they don’t occur at all.
By contrast, milder, more contained pullbacks happen many times every year. These ty...